Características principales del biocarbón derivado de restos de Theobroma cacao L. para su uso en suelos agrícolas

La incorporación de biocarbono para mejorar los suelos agrícolas está ganando popularidad, pero hay poca información sobre las propiedades del biocarbono derivado de los restos de la cosecha de cacao. En la investigación se determinaron varias características del biocarbono obtenido del proceso de pirólisis de la cáscara de las mazorcas de cacao. Los análisis realizados fueron: porcentajes de fibra lignocelulósica, análisis proximal, estructura microscópica y grupos funcionales. También se realizó con el biocarbón un ensayo de adsorción con Cd+2 mediante un sistema de recirculación con agua, con el fin de obtener las isotermas de Lang-muir y Freundlich (modelos matemáticos de adsorción de moléculas en superficies sólidas). Los contenidos fibrosos abarcaban 56,2% celulosa, 27,07% lignina y 3,15% hemicelulosa. Con 8,15% de humedad y pH 9,86 se obtuvo un promedio de 35,58% de biocarbón. La forma de los poros fue irregular, se confirmó la presencia de los grupos hidroxilo, carboxilo y carbonato. Los modelos de absorción indicaron una capacidad de adsorción máxima de 0,280 mL/g en Langmuir y una intensidad de absorción de Cd+2 de 0,06 en Freundlich. Si bien el biocarbón demostró propiedades adecuadas para suelos ácidos, su capacidad de adsorción resultó limitada en las condiciones evaluadas.

Using biochar to enhance agricultural soils is becoming more popular, but not much is known about the qualities of biochar made from cocoa crop leftovers. The study identified several traits of biochar created from cocoa pod husks through the pyrolysis method. The examination included the following evaluations: levels of lignocellulosic fibre, proximal analysis, microscopic structure, and functional groups. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were evaluated through an aqueous recirculation Cd2+ adsorption assay. The fibrous contents consisted of 56.2% cellulose, 27.07% lignin, and 3.15% hemicellulose. At a moisture content of 8.15% and a pH of 9.86, 35.58% biochar was produced. The pores were not uniform in shape and contained hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonate groups as identified. According to the isotherms, the Cd2+ that can be adsorbed is 0.280 mL/g at Langmuir, and the Cd2+ adsorption intensity is 0.06 at Freundlich. Even though the biochar had desirable properties for acidic soils, its ability to adsorb was restricted under the tested conditions.

O uso crescente do biocarvão em solos agrícolas justifica uma investigação mais aprofundada de suas propriedades menos conhecidas. Esta pesquisa concentrou-se no biocarvão produzido a partir de resíduos da colheita do cacau e teve como objetivo identificar seus atributos por meio da pirólise da casca da vagem do cacau. As análises realizadas incluíram fibra lignocelulósica, análise proximal, estrutura microscópica e grupos funcionais. As isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich foram avaliadas por meio de um ensaio de adsorção de Cd2+ em recirculação aquosa. O conteúdo fibroso consistia em 56,2% de celulose, 27,07% de lignina e 3,15% de hemicelulose. Com um teor de umidade de 8,15% e um pH de 9,86, foram produzidos 35,58% de biochar. A estrutura porosa era irregular, indicando a presença de grupos hidroxila, carboxi-la e carbonato. As isotermas mostraram que o modelo de Langmuir tem uma capacidade máxima de adsorção (qmax) de 0,280 mL/g e uma intensidade de ad-sorção de Freundlich de 0,06 para Cd2+. Embora o biochar tenha demonstrado propriedades adequadas para uso agrícola, sua capacidade de adsorção foi limitada nas condições avaliadas.

EXHAUST EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CI ENGINE USING VARIOUS BLENDS OF PPO-DIESEL

Plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diesel was tested in a single cylinder diesel engine in an experimental study. Waste plastic is used to make plastic pyrolysis oil. Various blends of PPO-DIESEL are tested for engine exhaust emission at various loads in this study. Nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydro carbon (HC) are all measured in engine exhaust emissions. According to the results, D80PPO20 blend is best compared to other fuels for NOx, CO in all blends has no difference at full load, D60PPO40 blend is best compared to other fuels for CO2, and D80PPO20 blend is best compared to other fuels for HC. PPO-DIESEL blends can be used without modification in CI engines.

Expression of pyrolysis-related factors in peripheral blood cells of patients with gestational diabetes and its relationship with insulin resistance / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the levels of serum pyrolysis-related factors cysteine protease-1 (caspase-1) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with insulin resistance (IR) .Methods:A total of 102 GDM patients admitted to Kaifeng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from Apr. 2019 to Mar. 2021 were selected as the GDM group, and 102 healthy pregnant women undergoing obstetric examination in the same period were included as the normal group. The age, gestational week, fasting insulin (FINS) , pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) , triglycerides (TG) , fasting blood glucose (FBG) , total cholesterol (TC) , and homeostatic model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and other materials were compared between the GDM group and the normal group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum caspase-1 and IL-18; Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation between serum caspase-1 and IL-18 levels and HOMA-IR in GDM patients; Logistic regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of GDM.Results:The levels of TG [ (2.94±0.99) mmol/L vs (2.09±0.70) mmol/L], FBG [ (5.87±1.94) mmol/L vs (4.90±1.67) mmol/L], TC [ (5.72±1.92) mmol/L vs (5.03±1.68) mmol/L], FINS [ (11.45±3.87) mIU/L vs (6.92±2.34) mIU/L], HOMA-IR [ (3.05±0.78) vs (1.51±0.40) ] and levels serum caspase-1 [ (86.27±28.78) pg/mL vs (40.98±13.54) pg/mL] and IL-18 [ (44.26±14.56) pg/L vs (30.45±10.12) pg/L] in the GDM group were higher than those in the normal group (t=7.080, 3.827, 2.731, 10.116, 17.743, 14.381, 7.866, P<0.05) ; the levels of serum caspase-1 and IL-18 in GDM patients were positively correlated with HOMA-IR ( r=0.518, 0.555, P<0.05) ; FBG, TG, FINS, HOMA-IR, caspase-1, IL-18 were risk factors affecting the occurrence of GDM (95% CI=1.578-3.826, 1.454-3.311, 1.477-3.405, 1.678-4.265, 1.406-3.141, 1.511-3.551, P<0.05) . Conclusions:The levels of serum caspase-1 and IL-18 in patients with GDM are relatively high, which are significantly related to IR. Caspase-1 and IL-18 may be potential targets for the treatment of GDM.

Pachira aquatica fruits shells valorization: renewables phenolics through analytical pyrolysis study (Py-GC/MS) / Valorização das cascas dos frutos da Pachira aquática: fenólicos renováveis através de estudo analítico de pirólise (Py-GC/MS)

This research valorized Pachira aquatica Aubl.'s fruit shells (PAS) through its energetic characterization and flash pyrolysis for biofuels or chemicals production. The characterization was performed through proximate and ultimate analysis, bulk density, higher heating value (HHV), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content, thermogravimetric analysis and absorption spectra in the infrared region obtained by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy technique (FTIR). The analytical flash pyrolysis was performed at 500°C in a Py-5200 HP-R coupled to a gas chromatograph (Py-GC/MS). The PAS biomass presents potential for thermochemical energy conversion processes due to its low moisture and ash content, 76.90% of volatile matter, bulk density of 252.6 kg/m3 and HHV of 16.24 MJ/kg. Flash pyrolysis products are mostly phenols or light organic acids derived from the decomposition of polysaccharides. Results confirmed the potential of PAS to produce bio-phenolics, such as 4-methoxyphenol which is an important active ingredient for skin depigmentation used in drugs and cosmetics, and as phenolic extract that can be used as a precursor to resins, applications that convert this forest waste into bio products for industry into a green circular economy.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a valorização das cascas dos frutos da Pachira aquatica Aubl. (PAC) através da sua caracterização energética e pirólise flash para produção de biocombustíveis ou produtos químicos. A caracterização foi realizada através de análises imediata e final, densidade aparente, poder calorífico superior (PCS), conteúdos de hemicelulose, celulose e lignina, análise termogravimétrica e espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho obtidos pela técnica de espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A pirólise flash analítica foi realizada a 500 °C em equipamento Py-5200 HP-R acoplado a um cromatógrafo à gás (Py-GC/MS). A biomassa das PAC apresenta potencial para processos de conversão termoquímica de energia devido ao seu baixo teor de umidade e cinzas, além de 76,90% de materiais voláteis, densidade aparente de 252,6 kg/m3 e PCS igual a 16,24 MJ / kg. Os produtos da pirólise rápida são principalmente fenóis ou ácidos orgânicos leves derivados da decomposição de polissacarídeos. Os resultados confirmam o potencial das PAC para produzir bio-fenólicos, como o 4-metoxifenol que é um importante ingrediente ativo para despigmentação da pele usado em medicamentos e cosméticos, e como extrato fenólico que pode ser usado como precursor de resinas. Estas aplicações convertem esses resíduos florestais em produtos biológicos para a indústria em uma economia circular verde.

GSDME promoter methylation regulates the chemotherapy sensitivity of breast cancer cells through pyrolysis / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To explore the mechanism by which GSDME promoter methylation regulates the chemotherapy sensitivity of breast cancer (BC) cells through pyrolysis.Methods:Tissues of 54 cases with BC treated with chemotherapy were collected and divided into chemotherapy resistant group and sensitive group. Docetaxel (DTX) was used to treat BC cells to establish drug-resistant BC cells. CCK8 was used to detect cell resistance.qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of GSDME in tissues and cells. Then sulfite sequencing method was utilized to determine the methylation level of the GSDME promoter methylation site. The expression level of GSDME in DTX-treated BC cells was intervened, and qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of Caspase-1, Caspase-4, IL-1β, and IL-18 in cells to assess the degree of cell pyrolysis.Results:Compared with the chemotherapy sensitive group, the expression of GSDME was down-regulated in the chemotherapy resistant group ( t=6.54, P<0.001) . Compared with MCF-10A cells, Caspase-1 ( t=9.14, P<0.001) , Caspase-4 ( t=9.35, P<0.001) , IL-1β ( t=6.13, P=0.004) , and IL-18 ( t=5.49, P=0.005) expression level in MCF-10A/DTX cells were decreased, however, the above indicators were up-regulated after overexpression of GSDME in MCF-10A/DTX cells. Hypermethylation in GSDME promoter region led to a decrease in mRNA expression ( t=12.56, P<0.001) . In tolerance tissues, the methylation level in the GSDME promoter region was negatively correlated with the mRNA level ( r=-0.57, P=0.010) . After treating MCF-10A/DTX cells with 5-azacytidine, a methylation inhibitor,Caspase-1, Caspase-4, IL-1β, IL-18 levels were significantly increased, and GSDME level were up-regulated. Conclusion:Hypermethylation in the promoter region of GSDME leads to decreased mRNA expression, inhibits pyrolysis of BC cells, and reduces the sensitivity of DTX chemotherapy.

Mechanism of Tingli Dazao Xiefeitang on Cell Pyrolysis and Apoptosis Induced by Caspase-1 in A549 Cells / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of coking death and apoptosis of A549 cells induced by Tingli Dazao Xiefeitang. MethodA549 cells were randomized into blank group， traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） low， medium， and high concentration groups， which were treated with 20， 40， 60 mg·L-1 Tingli Dazao Xiefeitang， and TCM low， medium， and high concentration groups， respectively， and blank group was treated with equal volume culture medium. After 48 h of treatment， cell migration was detected by scratch assay and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The relative expression levels of cysteine aspartate protease-1（Caspase-1）， NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， dermoderin D （GSDMD）， Survivin protein and nuclear transcription factor -κB （NF-κB） pathway proteins were detected by Western blot. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） were determined by DCFH-DA fluorescence probe， and the contents of tumor necrosis factor -β （TNF-β） and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） in supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. ResultCompared with blank group， the scratch healing rate， apoptosis rate， relative expression of Survivin protein， Caspase-1， GSDMD， NLRP3， ROS and NF-κB phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in low， medium and high concentration groups. The contents of TNF-β and IL-1β in supernatant were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the low concentration group， the scratch healing rate， apoptosis rate， Survivin protein relative expression， Caspase-1， GSDMD， NLRP3 relative expression， ROS and NF-κB phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in the medium and high concentration groups. The contents of TNF-β and IL-1β in supernatant were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the TCM group， the scratch healing rate， apoptosis rate， Survivin protein relative expression， Caspase-1， GSDMD， NLRP3 relative expression， ROS and NF-κB phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in the high concentration group. The contents of TNF-β and IL-1β in supernatant were significantly increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionTingli Dazao Xiefeitang can improve NLRP3 protein expression， inhibit Survivin protein expression and promote apoptosis of A549 cells. At the same time， it can activate NF-κB pathway and ROS system， up-regulate the expression of Caspase-1 and GSDMD， mediate scortosis of A549 cells.

Estudo comparativo dos bio-óleos obtidos por pirólises rápida e lenta do caroço de pêssego / Comparative study of bio-oils obtained by fast and slow pyrolysis of peach stone

RESUMO O processamento de pêssego em conserva gera o caroço como resíduo agroindustrial de difícil destinação. Assim, a técnica de pirólise do endocarpo lenhoso é um eficiente tratamento para conversão da biomassa em produtos com valor agregado. Entre os produtos, o bio-óleo é composto de duas fases imiscíveis (orgânica e aquosa), com potencial para suprir a produção de produtos químicos em diferentes ramos industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter e avaliar a constituição da fase orgânica dos bio-óleos com base nas pirólises rápida (reator de quartzo) e lenta (reator de aço inox) do endocarpo lenhoso, ambos de leito fixo a 700°C evidenciando assim a influência dos processos na constituição dos bio-óleos obtidos. As frações líquidas foram derivatizadas com N-metil-N-trimetilsililtrifluoracetamida para posterior caracterização em cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Pela metodologia empregada, detectaram-se nas fases orgânicas dos bio-óleos da pirólise rápida e lenta um total de 59 e 41 compostos, respectivamente; destes, os fenóis são majoritários com 59,9% e 67,2%, em massa, em que os núcleos metoxifenol (rápida) e os alquilfenóis (lenta) são os compostos predominantes. Conclui-se que a etapa de derivatização e a técnica de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas foram satisfatórias para a caracterização qualitativa e semiquantitativa dos bio-óleos, os quais mostraram potencial de utilização como fonte de produtos químicos e beneficiamento no reaproveitamento de resíduos.

ABSTRACT The processing of pickled peaches generates the peach stone as an agro-industrial residue that is difficult to dispose of. Thus, the woody endocarp pyrolysis technique is an efficient treatment for converting biomass into value-added products. Among the products, bio-oil is composed of two immiscible phases (organic and aqueous), with potential to supply the production of chemical products in different industrial sectors. The objective of this study was to obtain and evaluate the constitution of the organic phase of the bio-oils based on the fast (quartz reactor) and slow (stainless steel reactor) pyrolysis of the woody endocarp, both with fixed bed at 700°C, thus evidencing the influence of processes in the constitution of the obtained bio-oils. As liquid fractions, they were derived with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoracetamide for further characterization in gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Through the methodology employed, a total of 59 and 41 compounds were detected in the organic phases of the fast and slow pyrolysis bio-oils, respectively; Phenols are the majority, with 59.9 and 67.2% by weight, where the methoxyphenol (fast) and cresols (slow) are the predominant compounds. It is concluded that the derivatization stage and the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique were satisfactory for the qualitative and semi-quantitative characterization of bio-oils, which they can potentially use as a source of chemical products and to benefit from reuse of residue.

Sewage Sludge Biochar Effects on Phytopathogenic Fungi and Beneficial Microorganisms

Abstract Biochar (BCH) is a solid product, rich in carbon, obtained by heating biomass under controlled conditions of oxygenation, in a process known as pyrolysis. Its benefits are associated with improvements to the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Furthermore, BCH can affect the growth of phytopathogenic microorganisms. Despite research advances in this area, there is still a lack of information on the effect of BCH concentration on different soilborne microorganisms. This work evaluated the direct effect of sewage sludge biochar (SSB) on the in vitro growth of different soilborne fungi. Eight phytopathogens [Fusarium oxysporum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (CEN 1456), Macrophomina phaseolina (429), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. sclerotiorum (CEN 1147), Sclerotium rolfsii (CEN 216), Sclerotium cepivorum (CEN 1357), Rhizoctonia solani] were evaluated. Additionally, a biological control agent [Trichoderma afroharzianum (T-22)] was also studied. Microorganisms were subjected to growth in PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) culture medium enriched with SSB. Biochars, produced at 300 and 500 ºC, were applied at different doses: 0.0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 (g of SSB/100 ml of PDA). Biochars showed inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of the different fungi evaluated. It was observed that there is a certain specificity of biochar concentration that must be evaluated for the control of phytopathogens. In most cases, the 0.4 and 0.6% concentrations had a greater inhibitory effect on phytopathogens and did not affect the biological control agent. Therefore, SSB proved to be a promising product for the control of different soilborne phytopathogens.

Utilization strategies of Chinese medicinal solid waste by pyrolysis and gasification technology / 中国中药杂志

With the advantages of extensive sources, easy collection, renewability, high yield, carbon circulation, low pollution, and so on, Chinese medicinal solid waste can be converted into clean gas by pyrolysis and gasification, which is then able to serve for industrial production. This is of great practical significance in the context of energy shortage and for solid waste recycling in China. This paper reviews the research progress on biomass gasification principle, gasification medium, and reactor in gasification technology of Chinese medicinal solid waste in recent years. Meanwhile, based on the summary of related research, the defects and improvement measures regarding raw materials, gasification agents, by-products, and reactors were discussed, which provides direction for further development in the gasification technology of Chinese medicinal solid waste in the future.

Obtaining bioproducts by slow pyrolysis of coffee and cocoa husks as suitable candidates for being used as soil amendment and source of energy / Obtención de bioproductos por pirólisis lenta de cascarillas de café y cacao para su posible uso como fuentes de energía y fertilizantes / Obtenção de bioprodutos por pirólise lenta de cascas de café e cacau para possível uso como fontes de energia e fertilizantes

Abstract The agricultural economic policy of Cuba pretends to triplicate the crops of coffee and cocoa by 2021, a measure which will bring about both an increase in biomass waste and the need to find a proper method for its disposal. Slow pyrolysis process can transform lignocellulosic waste into added value products as biochar, bio-oil and gas. The present research evaluated the yield and the theoretical potential energy of co-products (bio-char, bio-oil, and gas) from coffee and cocoa seed husks using the pyrolysis process as a source of friendly and renewable energy. Results indicated that coffee husks are more suitable for the production of gas with a yield of 40.4%, while cocoa seed husks are better suited for the production of bio-oil, with a yield of 37.4%. For 2021 the theoretical energy potential estimated is 8291 MWh, equivalent to 716000 kg for the coffee husks, and 1384 MWh equivalent to 121000 kg for the cocoa seed husks. The bio-char characterization indicated high contents of carbon, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, and oxygen, which makes it a suitable candidate for being used as a soil amendment. The conversion of coffee and cocoa seed husks into added value products through slow pyrolysis process will help clean the environment, decrease the greenhouse effect, and will aid farmers in the rural populations by providing them with an additional source of income.

Resumen La política económica agrícola de Cuba pretende triplicar los cultivos de café y cacao para el año 2021, lo cual implica un aumento de residuos de biomasa y la necesidad de encontrar un uso adecuado para su eliminación. El proceso de pirólisis lenta permite convertir los residuos lignocelulósicos en productos de valor agregado como bio-carbón, bio-combustible y gas. En este trabajo se evaluó el rendimiento y el potencial energético teórico de estos co-productos como fuente de energía renovable. Las cascaras de café son más adecuadas para la producción de gas con un rendimiento del 40,4%, mientras que las de semilla de cacao para bio-combustible, con un rendimiento del 37,4%. Para el 2021, el potencial energético teórico estimado es de 8291 MWh, equivalente a 716000 kg para las cascaras de café; y de 1384 MWh equivalente a 121000 kg para las semillas de cacao. La caracterización del bio-carbón indicó altos contenidos de carbono, calcio, potasio, nitrógeno y oxígeno, lo que los convierte en un candidato adecuado para su uso como fertilizante del suelo. La conversión de estas biomasas en productos de valor agregado a través del proceso de pirólisis lenta contribuirá a mantener un ambiente limpio, reducir el efecto invernadero y ayudará a generar un ingreso adicional a los agricultores de las poblaciones rurales.

Resumo A política económica agrícola de Cuba visa triplicar as safras de café e cacau até 2021, o que significa um aumento nos resíduos de biomassa e a necessidade de encontrar usos adequados para sua eliminação. O processo de pirólise lenta permite converter lixo lignocelulósico em produtos de alto valor agregado, como bio-carvão, biocombustível e gás. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho e o potencial energético teórico de co-produtos (bio-carvão, biocombustível e gás) do processo de pirólise lenta de casca de café e de cascas de sementes de cacau como fonte de energia renovável. As cascas de café são mais adequadas para a produção de gás com rendimento de 40,4%, enquanto que as cascas de sementes de cacau para biocombustível, com rendimento de 37,4%. Até 2021, o potencial energético teórico calculado é de 8291 MWh equivalente a 716000 kg para cascas de café e 1384 MWh equivalente a 121000 kg para cascas de sementes de cacau. A caracterização de bio-carvão indicou altos teores de carbono, cálcio, potássio, nitrogénio e compostos oxigenados, o que os torna candidatos ideais para uso como fertilizantes do solo. A conversão da casca do café e a casca das sementes de cacau em produtos de maior valor agregado, através do processo de pirólise lenta, ajudará a manter o um ambiente limpo, reduzirá o efeito estufa e contribuirá com renda adicional para os agricultores das populações rurais.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of wood vinegars from carambola, coconut shells and mango against selected plant pathogenic microorganisms

Aims@#This work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of three different sources of wood vinegars obtained from pyrolysis of carambola (Averrhoa carambola), coconut shells (Cocos nucifera) and mango (Mangifera indica) and to identify their chemical composition. @*Methodology and results@#Agar well diffusion technique was employed to assay the antifungal activity of the wood vinegars against Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, and Pestalotiopsis microspora and disc diffusion technique for antibacterial screening against Ralstonia solanacearum. The chemical compositions of these wood vinegars were also analyzed using GC-MS by employing the headspace technique. All wood vinegars exhibited antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. Wood vinegar from carambola exhibited the most promising antimicrobial effect followed by coconut shells and mango. The GC-MS analysis revealed the wood vinegars from coconut shells, carambola, and mango are different in the chemical composition and active compounds. Major compounds identified in coconut shells are furfural, phenol, benzofuran, acetic acid, hexanal, ethanone, and formic acid. In carambola, the main compounds are furfural, imidazole, 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, benzaldehyde, phenol, benzofuran, indene, acetic acid, indazole, naphthalene, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, palmitamide, palmitic acid, heptadecanenitril, and sterylamide. Meanwhile, the main chemical compounds in the pruning of mango-based vinegar consist of toluene, furfural, imidazole, annulene, benzaldehyde, phenol, carbamic acid, acetic acid, naphthalene, heptadecanenitril, and stearylamide.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#It is suggested that wood vinegar from carambola, coconut shells, and mango is a promising antimicrobial agent in plant disease control, showing good potential for inhibition of selected plant pathogenic microorganisms.

Synthesis of a new type of carbon dots by pyrolysis of human hair using motor oil as a dispersant and their biological effects / 中草药

Objective: New type of nano-carbon dots were found after pyrolysis of human hair using motor oil as a dispersant and the biological effect of these carbon dots was evaluated by animal experiments. Methods: High-temperature pyrolysis was used to carbonize human hair and motor oil, and the carbonized products were extracted, filtered, and dialyzed to obtain a new type of water-soluble substance, carbon dots, named JYRF-CDs. JYRF-CDs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM, as well as ultraviolet-visible, fourier transform infrared, fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CCK-8 toxicity test using RAW264.7 cells was used to evaluate the safety of JYRF-CDs and the biological effects of the JYRF-CDs were evaluated by mouse ear swelling experiments and mouse acetate writhing experiments. Results: These JYRF-CDs were nearly spherical and well separated from each other, with a size distribution range of 1.8-3.6 nm, the CDs had a lattice spacing of 0.219 7 nm. The results of cytotoxicity experiments showed that JYRF-CDs had low toxicity, and the results of animal experiments showed that JYRF-CDs had good anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Conclusion: In this study, new type of carbon dots, JYRF-CDs, were discovered after pyrolyzing human hair with motor oil as a dispersant for the first time. Taking JYRF-CDs as a breakthrough, the material base of carbonization products after pyrolysis of human hair by high-temperature pyrolysis using motor oil as a dispersant was more clearly explained, providing a new method for the research of nano compounds.

Synthesis of enriched biochar as a vehicle for phosphorus in tropical soils

Phosphorus (P) is one of the nutrients that most limits agricultural productivity, especially in tropical soils. Enriched biochar has been proposed to increase the bioavailability of P and other nutrients in the soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of P in phosphate biochar (composed of biomass and soil) as a function of the triple superphosphate mixture before and after the pyrolysis process. We produced eight types of enriched biochar via pyrolysis by combining sandy or clayey soil with rice or coffee husk, and by adding triple superphosphate before or after pyrolysis. The heating of the phosphate fertilizer during the pyrolysis process resulted in a higher crystallinity of the phosphates, lower content of labile fractions of P and lower content of available P in phosphate biochars than when the superphosphate was added after pyrolysis. (AU)

Mineralization and mobilization of biosolids phosphorus in soil: A concise review

Biosolids are the product of wastewater or municipal solid waste collected through sewerage treatment; theprocesses of obtaining the biosolids involve various treatment processes, which include digestion, thermalstabilization, thickening, dewatering, and drying, in order to obtain free pathogen granules. These processesundergone by wastewater in the treatment plant ultimately clean the wastewater and remove the solids whichare further treated to an acceptable standard for beneficial soil amendments. The application of biosolids areconsidered to improve soil organic matter, moisture content, and provided essential nutrients, such as nitrogenand phosphorus in arable land as potential plant nutrients supplements for crop optimum yield. Incubationstudies on the biosolids-amended soils have shown significant increases in soil phosphorus content beingreleased as plant available P in the soil, and therefore could be a good source of phosphorus in deficientnative phosphorus soil. Field-scale experiments on wheat are grown with sewage sludge have also shown yieldproduction comparable to mineral fertilizer-treated soils. This review is thereby aimed at explaining the conceptbehind the mineralization and mobilization of biosolids phosphorus in soil. In this review paper, an overviewof the method of preparations, origin, and sources, its application in agriculture and the environment, chemicalcomposition, the environmental risk, soil amendments potentials of the biosolid sand regulatory, and globalperspective of sewage sludge disposal all are reviewed. From the review, it was concluded that mineralizationand mobilization of biosolids phosphorus in soil have beneficial input to both environment and soil nutrientamendment. It is thereby recommended that more research studies should be carried out on the mineralizationand mobilization of another essential element, such as nitrogen and biochar although more research should bedone with respect to mineralization and mobilization of biosolids phosphorus in soil.

Thermo-kinetics of Forest Waste Using Model-Free Methods / Termocinética de residuos de bosque usando los métodos de modelo libre / Termocinética de resíduos de bosque usando métodos de modelo livre

Abstract Thermal behaviour of pine needles (Pinus Roxburghii) is examined through a thermogravimetry technique. The dried samples of pine needles undergo the non-isothermal decomposition at temperature range of 308-1173 K. The heating rates used for experimental purposes are: 5 ◦ C min-1, 10 ◦ C min-1 and 15 ◦ C min-1. Kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition reactions of pine needles are obtained through the model-free schemes. The estimated values of activation energy and frequency factor derived from Kissinger method are 132.77 kJ mol-1 and 13.15 x 107 min-1, respectively. Furthermore, the averaged values of the same kinetics parameters retrieved from the isoconversional methods are 82.38 kJ mol-1 and 74.833 kJ mol-1, 25.42 x 1013 min-1 and 13.449 x 1010 min-1, respectively. Instead of the Flynn-Wall- Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger- Akahira- Sunrose (KAS) schemes, the kinetic parameters derived from the Kissinger method are relatively promising for the thermal decomposition process, since the kinetic parameters are highly affected by intermediate stages and overlapping of the concurrent reaction occurred during pyrolysis.

Resumen Se examina el comportamiento térmico de las agujas de pino (Pinus roxburghii) a través de la técnica de termogravimetría. Las muestras secas de las agujas de pino se someten a una descomposición no isotérmica en un rango de temperatura de 308-1173 K. Las tasas de calentamiento usadas para los propósitos experimentales son: 5 °C min-1, 10 °C min-1 y 15 °C min-1. Los parámetros cinéticos de las reacciones de descomposición térmica de las agujas de pino se obtuvieron a través de esquemas de modelo libre. Los valores estimados de la energía de activación y el factor de frecuencia derivado del método Kissinger son: 132.77 kJ mol-1 y 13.15 x 107 min-1, respectivamente. Por otra parte, los valores promediados de los mismos parámetros cinéticos recuperados por los métodos isoconversionales son 82.38 kJ mol-1 y 74.833 kJ mol-1, 25.42 x 1013 min-1 y 13.449 x 1010 min-1, respectivamente. A diferencia de los esquemas Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) y Kissinger-Akahira-Sunrose (KAS), los parámetros cinéticos derivados del método Kissinger son relativamente promisorios para los procesos de descomposición térmica, ya que estos parámetros se afectan grandemente por los estados intermedios y la superposición de la reacción concurrente que ocurre durante la pirólisis.

Resumo O comportamento térmico de agulhas de pinheiro (Pinus roxburghii) foi examinado por meio da técnica de gravimetria. As amostras secas das agulhas de pinheiro se submeteram a uma decomposição não-isotérmica em uma faixa de temperatura de 308-1173 K. As taxas de aquecimento usadas para propósitos experimentais foram: 5 °C min-1, 10 °C min-1 e 15 °C min-1. Os parâmetros cinéticos das reações de decomposição térmica das agulhas de pinheiro se obtiveram por meio de esquemas de modelo livre. Os valores estimados da energia de ativação e o fator de frequência derivado do método Kissinger são: 132.77 kJ mol-1 e 13.15 x 107 min-1, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, os valores médios dos mesmos parâmetros cinéticos recuperados pelos métodos isoconversionais são 82.38 kJ mol-1 e 74.833 kJ mol-1, 25.42 x 1013 min-1 y 13.449 x 1010 min-1, respectivamente. Diferentemente dos esquemas Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) e Kissinger-Akahira-Sunrose (KAS), os parâmetros cine'ticos derivados do método Kissinger são relativamente promissórios para os processos de decomposição térmica, já que estes parâmetros são altamente afetados pelos estados intermediários e sobreposição da reação concorrente que ocorre durante a pirólise.

Biochar and Trichoderma harzianum for the Control of Macrophomina phaseolina

Abstract This study is based on the importance of biological control methods and the lack of information on the effect of biochar (BCH) from sewage sludge associated or not with Trichoderma harzianum on the control of Macrophomina phaseolina in the bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. BRS Estilo). Biochar from sewage sludge, pyrolyzed at 500 ºC and used in low concentration (0.5%), has a direct effect on the in vitro control of M. phaseolina. However, higher BCH concentrations stimulated the growth of the pathogen. In culture medium with or without BCH, T. harzianum (strain 1306) inhibited the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina. The addition of BCH + T. harzianum reduced the deleterious effects caused by M. phaseolina on bean plants. This study demonstrated that joint application of BCH from sewage sludge + T. harzianum considerably increased the fresh and dry mass of bean plants, inoculated or not with M. phaseolina.

Biochar in sugar beet production and nutrition / Biochar na produção e nutrição da beterraba

ABSTRACT: The biomass pyrolysis process may be an alternative for the agricultural use of sewage sludge. This study aimed to evaluate the use of of biochars from mixture of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse (BB, 1:1 relationship sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse) on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production and nutrition. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with five application rates of BB: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% (v/v), and two additional treatments, biochar from sewage sludge (BS, application rate 5% (v/v)) and conventional treatment (CV) that received lime and mineral fertilizer. The treated soils were incubated for 45 days, after which, seedlings were cultivated for 55 days. Biochar produce from sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse is an alternative technology to reduce the potential for contamination of sewage sludge and to incorporate more stable carbon forms in the soil. Although, biochar has increased soil fertility, fine roots and nutrient uptake efficiency by sugar beet plants, total dry matter yield was significantly lower than that obtained in conventional treatment.

RESUMO: O processo de pirólise da biomassa pode ser uma alternativa para o uso agrícola de lodo de esgoto. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de biochar produzido a partir da mistura de lodo de esgoto e bagaço de cana (BB, 1:1 relação lodo de esgoto e e bagaço de cana) na produção e nutrição de beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.). Conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação com cinco dose de BB: 0, 2,5, 5, 7,5 e 10% v/v, e dois tratamentos adicionais, biochar de lodo de esgoto (BS, 5% v/v) e tratamento convencional (CV) com calagem e fertilizantes minerais. Após 45 dias de incubação dos solos tratados, cultivou-se as plantas por 55 dias. O biochar produzido a partir de lodo de esgoto e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar é uma tecnologia alternativa para reduzir o potencial de contaminação do lodo de esgoto e incorporar formas mais estáveis de carbono ao solo. Embora o biochar tenha aumentado à fertilidade do solo, as raízes finas e a eficiência de absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas de beterraba, a produção de matéria seca total foi significativamente menor que a obtida no tratamento convencional.

Strategies for energy utilization of Chinese materia medica residue / 中草药

The biomass energy has been recognized as a clean fuel due to its advantages of regeneration, rich resource, carbon neutral, and environmental benignity. Meanwhile, the Chinese materia medica (CMM) residue is a typical biomass. Therefore, the CMM residue converted into energy and recycled for industrial production has been recognized as a higher-value utilization mode. Obviously, this model can not only realize disposal and transformation of residues, but also replace fossil fuels to reduce consumption and increase enterprise profits. The energy utilization strategies of herb residue have been reviewed based on all kinds of strategies such as direct combustion, fermentation for biogas and ethanol, pyrolysis. This paper can provide a reference for further exploiting and developing of higher-value energy utilization mode of herb residue and expanding of resource utilization approaches and levels.

Thermal and chemical characterization of Dicksonia sellowiana extract by means of thermal analysis

Abstract Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., Dicksoniaceae, is a tree-fern which is being recently used in medicine mainly for its phytotherapic activities. While several other studies have focused on D. sellowiana extract characterization in terms of its biological and antioxidant activity, the novelty of this work aims to understand the fate of this extract during thermal disposal through thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis, to further characterize this plant's extract. Thermal analysis revealed mass loss within three well-defined steps, with the respective mass signals represented generated during heating. Light-volatiles were released during the first step, with release of NO2, CO2, and ethanol in the following, as a result of extract pyrolytic decomposition. Furthermore, mass signals variation during heating indicated the release of harmless by products in contrast to other pharmaceutical and personal care products. Finally, chemical characterization confirmed the observed under thermal analysis suggesting a highly polar structure within extract's composition.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Activated Biochar Derived from Different Sources

An experiment was carried out to study the characteristics of biochar made from rice husk, rice straw, Toria stover and bamboo leaves. Biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis system (300 –4000C). Locally available bio-wastes viz.rice husk, rice straw, toriastover and bamboo leaves were used as raw materials to produce chars. Two samples of feedstock each from 5 development blocks of Jorhat district of Assam were collected, dried and pyrolysed for production of char for their physicochemical properties. Per cent moisture and ash content, bulk density, particle density andporosity of biochars ranged from 3.26 to 4.91%, 3.70 to 24.97%, 0.178 to 0.729 g/cm3, 0.85 to 2.02 g/cm3 and 61.54 to 78.90%, respectively. Pore volume, particle size and specific surface area ranged from 0.83 to 1.15 ml, 310×147 to 350×209 ?m2 and 89.40 to 184.75 m2/g, whereas pH ,EC, CEC, total Carbon varied from 7.74 to 9.46, 0.272 to 1.005 dsm-1, 12.74 to16.68 c mol (p+)/kg and 36.63 to 49.424%, respectively. Porosity maintained significant and positive correlation with pore volume (0.715**) and specific surface area (0.614**). CEC had significant positive correlations with total C (0.583**), total N (0.587**), total K (0.443**) and IAN (0.766**).Percent total N, P, K, and S had their value ranged from 47.27 to 60.07, 0.017 to 0.032, 0.237 to 0.453 and 0.083 to 0.099; while, Ca and Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Iodine adsorption number ranged from 1.11 to 5.23 and 0.148 to 1.326 c mol (p+)/kg, 16.65 to 2.91, 30 to 162, 8.6 to 43 mg/kg and 186.64 to 489.77 mg/g of biochar